Transaction was approved by the Issuer knowing that the authentication data failed verification and was not reliable. American Express uses four main categories to organize its reason codes: Authorization, Card Member Disputes, Fraud, and Processing Errors as well as two additional categories, Inquiry/Miscellaneous and Chargeback Programs, to classify just a handful of reason codes. Learn about the Visa chargeback reason codes and how they apply to Visa transactions. Back in 2018, Visa and Mastercard began the process of completely overhauling their chargeback and dispute rules and procedures -- but there's still work to be done. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Issuer ACS unavailable - Visa generated CAVV. Loss, Theft, or Damages chargebacks, for example, formerly fell under legacy. With the overhaul of their reason code system, Visa divided reason. Understanding chargeback reason codes is one of the most essential parts of effective chargeback management. Blog Read helpful tips, industry insights, and articles to create the most effective chargeback management strategy. 195 Acquirer Use of Message Reason Code 7627-No MAC Provided. 4841 Canceled Recurring or Digital Goods Transactions. Here the payment service provider is pulling funds from the cardholder. ” You can find more details about compelling evidence in this post. 0. Exceptions to Visa Chargeback Time Limits. 13. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. ”. Card Recovery Bulletin Authorization Visa Code: 11. With CE3. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. 1. 3 is an updated version of legacy Visa reason code 72, which was phased out under the Visa Claims Resolution initiative. It is caused by not issuing credit, or issuing it but not depositing on time. 4: Other Fraud – Card-Absent Environment. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. In contrast, an AFT is basically the inverse of an original credit transaction, or OCT. 6. 1 – Duplicate Processing Visa Reason Code 12. A few reason codes allow for shorter timeframes. With that process, the payment service provider directly credits a payment to the cardholder's account. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. 4 Other Fraud Card Absent. Using our e-commerce fraud prevention tools, we help lower friendly fraud costs and chargeback rates, but also reduce gift card and coupon abuse, and promote secure login authentication. The following reason codes require compelling evidence: Fraudulent transaction (83) Fraud/card absent environment (1040) Merchandise/services not received (1310)Reason code 4834 indicates the broad category “Point of Interaction Errors,” which generally means something went wrong with the transaction itself. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. PDF 296K September 16, 2013. Visa Fraud Chargeback Reason Codes 10. Stripe Category. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. Every of the major card brands, the inclusion of Visa, MasterCard, and others, has its acknowledged system of reason codes. 10. Among some of the most common Visa chargeback reason codes are Fraudulent Processing of Transactions (Reason Code 4837), Invalid Data (Reason Code 4775), Credit Not Processed (Reason Code 4834), and. October 25, 2023. 13. 3 Other Fraud – Card Present Environment 83(1) 10. About Visa chargeback reason codes. A cardholder claims that they did not receive the service or merchandise they ordered. Even learning all the terms and rules won’t keep you. Reference these when rebutting cardholder disputes at your small business. 13. The code replaces Visa’s legacy reason code 41. 4 chargeback by showing at least one transaction from any time period in which the IP address, email address,. There are two reasons main for this:  . 6. A chargeback with reason code 4853 may refer to disputes where the customer claims that a charge on their account is invalid. Over a decade later, our exclusive data-driven platform provides true end-to-end chargeback prevention and remediation technology. All of Visa’s existing reason codes were condensed into four key groupings: fraud, authorization errors, processing errors, and customer. 5 is part of the updated Visa reason codes that were phased out under the Visa Claims Resolution initiative. It is subject to change and may not include every currently known dispute reason code. 5 Visa Fraud Monitoring Program Visa payment system. Chargeback Reason Codes. 1 Chargebacks A chargeback is a rules-based mechanism, with time-sensitive workflows, that enables the issuer and the acquirer to determine the financial liability of a disputed transaction. Visa Dispute Reason Codes. Search reason codes 2. 3 Other Fraud – Card Present Environment 83(1) 10. Either the dispute must be processed within 120 calendar days of: the transaction processing date, or. The claim often, but not always, involves automated teller machines (ATMs). The term "counterfeit fraud" refers to specific chargeback situations defined by Visa Reason Code 10. There are some exceptions on the cardholder’s side, though. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. eCommerce grew too fast for the payments industry to respond. Visa chargeback reason code 12. 5 – Misrepresentation. Each card network—Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover—defines and maintains their own unique set of reason codes, which are applied to disputes by the banks that issue credit and debit. Visa groups its chargeback codes into four main categories—fraud, authorization, processing errors, and customer disputes. Visa Chargeback Reason Codes;. com. For the sake of simplicity and standardization, card networks like Visa have created a breakdown of the acceptable causes for a customer to dispute a credit card transaction by filing a chargeback. These chargebacks occur to resolve chargeback-related disputes between network members. Here's an list of any the current Visa motive codes: Chargeback Code: Overview: Fraud : 10. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974 , cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. About Mastercard chargeback reason codes. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974 , cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. This code applies when a cardholder disputes a charge, and the merchant is informed by the processor that the transaction was submitted with an incorrect transaction code. Mastercard. Velocity checks (sometimes referred to as “velocity limits”) are a fraud prevention mechanism widely used by eCommerce merchants. 5 Visa Fraud Monitoring ProgramEach card network—Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover—defines and maintains their own unique set of reason codes, which are applied to disputes by the banks that issue credit and debit cards under their brands. 4854 Cardholder Dispute—Not Elsewhere Classified (U. Mastercard has plans to follow suit. Chargeback reason code 4853 can be used to indicate cases in whic the merchant failed to cancel a recurring payment (when requested by the cardholder). See moreFor each reason code, a definition is provided along with the merchant’s actions—or failure to act—that may have caused the chargeback, and. Many subscription payment disputes are made under code 13. The Mastercard chargeback reason codes were condensed down in 2016, like the process that Visa just underwent with Visa Claims Resolution. Below is a list of Mastercard chargeback codes used in eCommerce. 1: Card Recovery Bulletin:Complete Guide to Visa Compelling Evidence Update CE 3. Reason code: Explanation: 12. About Mastercard chargeback reason codes. It is caused by not issuing credit, or issuing it but not depositing on time and it didn’t appear on bank. When a customer who's enrolled with 3-D Secure from their bank initiates a purchase, the tool will deploy during the checkout. Their chargeback process differs because it is typically more straightforward. 5 under Visa Claims Resolution). Find out the most common. The newer system is designed to. There are over 80 unique return codes, and each one represents a different type of return. Chargeback alerts allow. About Visa chargeback reason codes. A truly effective chargeback management strategy must encompass prevention as well as disputing cases of friendly fraud. . Mastercard uses a four-digit numbering scheme for its chargeback. If the cardholder bases the claim on false or misleading statements, it is considered friendly fraud. Chapter 1: All about chargebacks; Chapter 2: Average chargeback rates; Chapter 3: Chargeback Reason Codes Guide; Chapter 4: American Express Chargeback Reason Codes; Chapter 5: Mastercard Chargeback Reason Codes; Chapter 6: Visa Chargeback Reason Codes; Chapter 7: Chargeback responses; Chapter 8:. Reason Code 53: Not as Described or Defective Merchandise. This code was phased out under the Visa Claims Resolution initiative. Chargebacks. The Ultimate Dispute Management Resource. 4846. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Both apply only to ATM transactions, but reason code 13. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Poor order shipping: Not shipping goods or delivering services as promised, shipping to the wrong address, or not making the goods available. Whenever a chargeback is initiated, a code is passed through from the issuing bank that gives a reason for the dispute. In addition to timeframe and workflow changes, Visa is consolidating its chargeback reason codes. 0 are generally protected from issuer eCommerce fraud-related chargeback claims (chargeback reason codes 75 and 83) -- market-specific program exceptions. Legacy Code: 71. In some cases, chargebacks from Visa Reason Code 12. VisaChargeback Reason Codes. The networks say merchants have a 45-day response window, but the Chase credit card chargeback time limit for merchants is 39 days. The chargeback reason codes were created to standardize the list of acceptable reasons a bank may submit a card chargeback or a direct debit chargeback on behalf of its customer. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Evidence Required. Visa chargeback reason code 13. One of two things will happen next. 0 and its benefits; Difference between current and. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Each card network—Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover—defines and maintains their own unique set of reason codes, which are applied to disputes by the banks that issue credit and debit cards under their brands. The latest chargeback rules set by Visa are the answer to the current fraud and chargeback landscape. For U. 1 – Late Presentment. Reason Code ≠ Reason 4. Suspected fraud is a common reason, as is insufficient funds in the cardholder’s account. 2: Canceled Recurring Transaction, and those disputes would still go through the normal chargeback process. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. The rules which will take effect in April 2023 are meant to reduce the volume of friendly fraud occurring over the card network. A truly effective chargeback management strategy must encompass. 5 can be disputed. The transaction was recurring and the cardholder failed to meet the cancellation terms of the. So, as we outlined above, both Visa and Mastercard have dedicated. Visa chargeback reason code 85 is applied when issuing bank gets a notice from the cardholder that merchandise was returned, but merchant hasn’t refunded, or credit hasn’t appeared on the bank statement. Chargeback reason code 10. What is Visa Reason Code 11. For example, the merchant bills the cardholder in installments. 634. What is Visa Reason Code 11. 3: Other Fraud — Card Present Environment: 10. 10. 0 requirements are scheduled to take effect in April 2023. When a chargeback request is filed a chargeback reason code is assigned to the claim. The basic knowledge in this section provides you with a conceptual framework for the policies and procedures that you must follow as a Visa merchant. 2 Added chapter providing information about the DiscoverTC40 is the name of the report that issuing banks send to Visa to report fraudulent transactions as part of its Risk Identification Service, and SAFE ( System to Avoid Fraud Effectively) is Mastercard’s analogous fraud monitoring program. Visa uses the four main categories to organize its reason codes: Authorization, Card Member Disputes (which Visa refers to as Consumer Disputes),. If the dispute is invalid, provide documentation that proves the reasoning: the merchandise cleared the merchant’s customs but is being held by the customer’s customs agency, the dispute amount includes the cash-back portion of the transaction, or the dispute is for a purchase made at an automated fuel dispenser. Linda finds it difficult to use the product as decides to dispute the transaction in the hope of winning the chargeback under the Reason Code 53: Not as Described or Defective Merchandise. Learn about the Visa chargeback reason codes and how they apply to Visa transactions. Identifying the chargeback reason code and the evidence required to fight it is the first step in chargeback. If the cardholder bases the claim on false or misleading statements, it is considered friendly fraud. Otherwise, the Discover card chargeback time limit starts at the transaction processing date. the date the customer was told the merchandise was counterfeit (but not to exceed 540 days of the original transaction processing date)Automate Tasks & Streamline Processes Let Midigator remove complexities and improve the efficiency of your chargeback management strategy. Visa chargeback reason codes, for example, are numerals with decimals. Payment capture comes after authorization; at this point, the payment is effectively "settled," and the transaction is over. This Visa chargeback condition is very common. What is Visa Reason Code 13. This type of chargeback reason could be named differently across the different card schemes (some examples: Visa 10. This code is unique—at least currently—in that Visa has since split it into two separate categories: 12. Chargeback time limits vary depending on the reason for the dispute. Let’s explore chargeback reason codes from the four leading credit card brands in the United States: Visa, Discover, Mastercard, and American Express. However, this only applies to chargebacks designated with a “Fraud” reason code. 3 – Not as Described or Defective Merchandise / Services. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. 6 is an updated version of legacy reason code 82, which was phased out under the Visa Claims Resolution initiative. This could happen as a result of fraud or merchant abuse. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. The issuing bank assigns each dispute a code according to the consumer’s claim. Chargeback Reason Codes Visa 12. Merchant processed transaction below floor limit without authorization. Credit not processed. On the other hand, PayPal—which can serve as a credit card processor for merchants—allows buyers up to 180 days to file a claim. In fact, the same thing could be said of other chargeback reason codes, too. Build & Submit a Representment Case in 4 StepsMastercard chargeback reason code 4853: Goods/Services Not Provided covers disputes where a customer claims a merchant didn't deliver as promised. About Visa chargeback reason codes. The merchant loses their. In short: capture is the point at which you get paid for a sale. It also delivers an improved customer experience. From a merchant’s perspective, the greatest asset offered by 3DS is protection against liability in the event of fraud. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. Depending on the specific situation, Mastercard will match authorization response to one of the following merchant advice codes: Mastercard Response Code. How can merchants prevent code 10. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Visa requires processors and banks use to this system for multiple tasks, including challenging initial chargeback results. Chargeback reason code 12. Use this guide as a quick resource for Visa chargeback. 1, multiple conditions must be met: A merchant processes a transaction, and the transaction is approved. Friendly fraud occurs when a customer accidentally or deliberately files a chargeback on a legitimate transaction, instead of trying to first obtain a refund from the merchant. For MasterCard reason code 4853, provide documentation to support that the chargeback is remedied or invalid through one of the following: The transaction was not a recurring transaction. For your reference, here's a list of chargeback reason codes for Visa, Mastercard, Discover, and Amex. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Typically, cardholders file a chargeback if they were not informed of dynamic currency conversion fees or were not given the option to complete the sale in their local currency. ”such chargebacks—in the form of any declarations and Member Message Texts—so the acquirer can correctly identify the issuers’ use of chargeback Reason Code 62, Condition 2. Reason Code – 13. 1. But if RDR receives a dispute about a Visa card transaction, it will instead consult the ruleset provided by the. Merchants. Either the dispute must be processed within 120 calendar days of: the transaction processing date, or. Reason code 13. While retrieval requests are not chargebacks, they traditionally precede a chargeback. ; Resources. Each card network — Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover — defines and maintains their own unique set of reason codes, which are applied to disputes by the banks that issue credit and debit cards under their brands. He orders a pair but later realizes that he is short on money for the month. The Discover chargeback reason codes list is just as extensive as the other major US card schemes, despite being the youngest and smallest of the four. Visa chargeback reason codes. 5, and you're entered into the Visa Fraud Monitoring Program,. Visa Code. 2, and 13. Network reason code is available on the dispute object. 6 is an updated version of legacy reason code 82, which was phased out under the Visa Claims Resolution initiative. 4 – Counterfeit Merchandise. Either the dispute must be processed within 120 calendar days of: the transaction processing date, or. Subscribe to newsletters. Take, for example, a reason code 4853 chargeback claiming that merchandise or services ordered were not received. With Visa transactions, for instance, 3DS would prevent chargebacks from being filed using reason code 10. VisaChargeback Reason Codes. To avoid redundancy and confusion, we’ll use Visa’s chargeback reason codes as an example. If you’re entered into the VFMP, that means Visa will keep tabs on your activity. Chargeback Reason Code Users LeaderFewer chargeback reason codes. Amex continues to operate as both a card network and a bank. What is Visa Reason Code 11. The dispute timeline can be based on one of two start dates. 2 falls under the “Authorization” category. However, you’re not alone; they create headaches for many players within the Mastercard ecosystem. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. While knowing one system may make the other easier to understand, both are still complex. Often, this is the result of one of the. 3 - Incorrect CurrencyPlease note that the most common Chargeback reason code for Allocation disputes is 10. It was originally one of several possible scenarios covered by legacy Visa reason code 83. Understanding chargeback reason codes is one of the most essential parts of effective chargeback management. The 3DS Adoption Rate Remains Low. According to Visa, issuers will continue to be liable for transactions up to these limits, and can therefore initiate disputes under chargeback reason code 11. Reason Code ≠ Reason 4. Simplify reason codes. They must respond within 30 days at each phase, or 10 days for arbitration. S. The issuing bank reviews the information. Chargeback reason code 13. Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. Blog Read helpful tips, industry insights, and articles to create the most effective chargeback management strategy. If you do perform a key-entered transaction, make a manual imprint of the card. To be labeled with reason code 10. “Visa has 28 different reason codes. 1 is an updated version of legacy reason code 74, which was phased out under the Visa Claims Resolution initiative. The situation described by Visa chargeback reason code 13. The implication is that the merchant failed to deliver the goods or services, but this reason. Certain reason codes require specific pieces of evidence to be provided in order to remedy a dispute. 2 chargebacks? About Visa chargeback reason codes; Merchants who receive a chargeback for a transaction placed with a Visa card may encounter reason code 10. 4: Fraud—Card-Absent Environment. That’s why it’s important that you start with a clear picture of the Visa card transaction process; what it is, how it works, and who’s involved. 4. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. Card Network Reason Code Detail; VCR Dispute Reason Code 10. This code applies when either the transaction was processed using an incorrect account number, or the transaction itself was not authorized. Reason codes vary by card brand. 1: The chargeback time limits may be altered if the resources were assumed to deliver after the execution time period of the payment also. 1 – Late Presentment. Your customer has to be enrolled in the 3DS platform that corresponds with the card brand in question ( Verify by Visa, Mastercard SecureCode, etc. Late Presentment Rules: Visa. Identifying the chargeback reason code and the evidence required to fight it is the first step in chargeback. The following are reason codes for the same scenario: Visa: Reason Code 30 Services not provided or merchandise not received. 0? Merchants that authenticate transactions using 3-D Secure 1. 0 initiative to update compelling evidence requirements for dispute reason code 10. Visa is planning to shake up the chargeback process with new compelling evidence rules for fraud disputes with Reason Code 10. New Visa CE 3. 13. 2? Chargeback reason code 11. The updated program now aligns more closely with Visa’s collaboration chargeback process. 1: EMV Liability Shift Counterfeit Fraud: 10. Cardholder Disputes. This list was generated 5/4/2022. On the other hand, PayPal—which can serve as a credit card processor for merchants—allows buyers up to 180 days to file a claim. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. The merchant resource library contains in-depth information designed to help Visa merchants navigate acceptance, fraud, data security, authorisation and more. F01. , Visa uses a two-digit code; Mastercard uses a four-digit code. 2 Other Fraud – Card Present Environment 81(1) 10. That’s 50% more time than what the major card networks allow. Like other networks, Visa has its own set of chargeback reason codes. 3? Chargeback reason code 11. The list of chargeback reason codes in this article is organized by card brand and type of dispute. 2: Canceled Recurring Transaction, is used when a cardholder claims a recurring transaction was processed illegitimately. ©About Visa chargeback reason codes. ; Resources. 3 Changed Discover Reason Codes to match what is shown in the UI. Evidence for Dispute Responses When Under VFMP. The new. ; Help Center Find answers to common questions about Midigator’s technology,. 1. This means that it will require merchants to provide evidence supporting their claim that a transaction was authorized by the cardholder. compliance process depending on whether a chargeback right exists. Chargeback reason code - A numeric, custom way to explain the reason of raising a chargeback specific per Card Scheme, e. 13. Get of Visa’s current reason codes were condensed into four key groupings: fraud, authorization errors, processing fault, and my disputes. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974 , cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. Get your complete guide to Mastercard reason codes, including all the detailed information, chargeback time limits, and other important information you need. 9 is slightly narrower in scope. 4, 13. Under “Transaction History,” tap the transaction you want to dispute, then tap “Report an Issue. [noun]/* fren • dlē • frôd • /. Each of the major card brands, including Visa, Mastercard, and others, have their own system of reason codes. Mastercard: n/a This chargeback is caused by Authorization. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. The tickets were held at the box office, and no signature, swipe or imprint. 1, which covers duplicate processing errors, and 12. Find out the timeframes for Visa chargeback resolution, the merchant required documentation, and the re-presentment rights. The Visa chargeback reason codes take the form of two digits followed by a dot followed by a single digit. 1: Card Recovery Bulletin: 11. e. First, 3-D Secure is an “opt-in” program. 3. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. Merchant must provide proof of authorization. Mastercard chargeback reason codes are four numerals without decimals. The following tables show the Stripe categories for each card network’s dispute reason codes. 0 is an update to the rules for handling disputes filed under reason code 10. All received credit card disputes include a reason code. Reason code Description; 11. 6. If merchants use the API, they can submit the new reason codes and their descriptions. Visa chargeback. 3:A chargeback reason code is a 2-to-4-digit alphanumeric code given by the issuing bank tangled in a chargeback. DCC-Related Reason Codes DCC-related chargebacks fall under Mastercard Reason Code 4834: Point-of-Interaction Currency Conversion. 4? Chargeback reason code 12. Velocity Checks. Pursuant to the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974 , cardholders have the right to dispute unauthorized or erroneous charges, and issuing banks must reverse a disputed transaction if the cardholder’s claim is valid. Discover. 2, which specifically deals with. Which is meant to know the reason for the dispute. Mastercard Chargeback Reason Code 73: Duplicate Transaction. In some cases, chargebacks from Visa Reason Code 12. Similar disputes on Visa cards would use Visa Reason Code 12. Chargeback Reason Codes. The start date for that window can vary, though. 6? Chargeback reason code 13. 2022 Visa Chargeback. 8 is part of the updated version reason codes that were phased out under the Visa Claims Resolution initiative. 6. 1? Chargeback reason code 11. 4 Updated Discover chapter for April (2012) Enhancements Chapter 2 1. We combine advanced, proprietary machine learning with human expertise, developing customized strategies to manage chargebacks and fraud. While Apple Cash transactions are ineligible for conventional disputes, you can dispute Apple Card transactions. It willInvalid chargebacks from Visa chargeback Reason Code 13. About Visa chargeback reason codes Reason codes are alphanumeric codes that provide the justification for granting a chargeback. Visa.